The governorate of Ndzuwani
Mutsamudu
The most densely populated island of the archipelago is run by an elected governor based in Mutsamudu. It has 20 municipalities, with elected municipal councils since 2015.
Ndzuwani · Union of the Comoros
Public life & institutions: Anjouan
The most densely populated island of the archipelago, Anjouan has its governor in Mutsamudu, its ancient brotherhoods, its harvest festivals and its passionate football clubs.
Anjouan has an eventful political history: a powerful sultanate, the 1940 revolt, the separatist crisis from 1997 to 2008. Now an island of the Union, it retains strong local identities, between learned medinas and highland villages. Read: The Comoros since 1975.
On Anjouan
Public authorities
Religious authorities
Rifa'iyya and Qadiriyya
Mutsamudu, Domoni
Two brotherhoods have Anjouanese roots: the Rifa'iyya, introduced in the 19th century by Salim ibn Ahmed al-Himidi, from Mutsamudu, and the Qadiriyya, spread in particular by Muhammad ibn Ahmed, a native of Domoni. Their ceremonies still bring together many of the faithful.
Custom & notables
Notables and great families
Medinas and villages
The grand marriage also exists on Anjouan, but it structures society less rigidly than on Grande Comore. In the medinas of Mutsamudu and Domoni, old scholarly and merchant families long formed the urban elite; in the villages, the elders keep a respected role as arbiters.
The guardians of the agrarian festivals
Ouani, Nyumakele
Nkoma in Ouani, trimba in Nyumakele: these festivals inherited from before Islam are organised by the founding families and the elders, who keep their rules and secrets. Read: The pact of Basra and The Trimba.
Sport
The clubs of Anjouan
Domoni, Sima…
Chirazienne of Domoni (founded in 1950), Komorozine of Domoni, Steal Nouvel of Sima: Domoni and Sima are strongholds of Anjouanese football.
Mrengué
Villages, especially during Ramadan
A traditional form of boxing practised to the sound of drums, mrengué livens up the evenings, especially during Ramadan. Several prefectures have banned it to prevent trouble.
Across the Union of the Comoros
These institutions are based on Grande Comore but also serve Anjouan and Mohéli.
Public authorities
The President of the Union
Beit-Salam Palace, Moroni
Elected by universal suffrage for five years, the president is both head of state and head of government. The constitutional revision approved by referendum on 30 July 2018 (92.7% “yes”) abolished the three vice-presidencies, one per island, and adjusted the rotating presidency introduced in 2001: the president may now serve two consecutive terms.
The Assembly of the Union
Moroni
The Parliament of the Comoros has a single chamber. Its deputies are elected in constituencies on the three islands; the 2018 Constitution also provides for representation of Comorians living abroad. It passes the laws and the budget of the Union.
The Central Bank of the Comoros
Moroni
It issues the Comorian franc, whose parity with the euro is fixed (€1 = 491.96775 KMF) thanks to a monetary cooperation agreement with France. A welcome stability for travellers as for the families who receive money from the diaspora.
Justice
The Supreme Court
Moroni
The highest court of the Union. Since 2018, a constitutional and electoral section has taken over the powers of the former Constitutional Court: it proclaims election results and rules on whether laws comply with the Constitution.
Religious authorities
The Grand Mufti and the Council of Ulema
Moroni
Sunni Islam, of the Shafi'i school, is the state religion. Appointed by the president, the Grand Mufti is the highest religious authority and advises the government on the practice of Islam. With the Council of Ulema, the Grand Mufti publishes, among other things, the guidelines for the month of Ramadan each year.
Knowledge, culture & media
The University of the Comoros
Mvouni, near Moroni
Founded in 2003, it has its headquarters in Mvouni and university centres in Patsy, on Anjouan (opened in 2009), and on Mohéli (Fomboni and Wanani). Many Comorian students also continue their studies abroad.
The CNDRS
Moroni
The National Centre for Documentation and Scientific Research, founded in 1979, brings together the National Museum, the National Archives and Library, the Karthala volcano observatory and research laboratories (oral traditions, archaeology, Arab-Muslim civilisation). It is the country's scholarly memory.
Al-Watwan and the ORTC
Moroni
Founded in 1985, Al-Watwan is the state newspaper; the Comoros Radio and Television Office (ORTC) broadcasts in Comorian, French and Arabic. Newspapers, private radio stations and online media, often run from the diaspora, complete the landscape.
Sport
The Football Federation and the Coelacanths
Malouzini multi-sports stadium, near Iconi
The national team, nicknamed the Coelacanths, pulled off a feat at AFCON 2021 in Cameroon: a 3–2 win against Ghana and qualification for the round of 16, lost 2–1 to the host nation with an outfield player in goal. It then qualified unbeaten for AFCON 2025 in Morocco, where it was knocked out in the first round with two draws and a defeat by the host nation. Each island has its own championship; the best clubs meet in the national final stage. International matches are played at the Malouzini stadium (about 10,700 seats), opened in 2019. Source: Foot Africa, final group standings at AFCON 2025 and beIN Sports, 26 December 2025 (accessed 18/10/2026).
Associations & civil society
Village associations and the diaspora
In every village, and in France
Almost every village has its association, in the Comoros and in France, where many Comorians live, especially in Marseille and the Paris region. They fund schools, mosques, water supply, roads and clinics, and carry weight in village decisions. Village sports and cultural associations also organise tournaments and festivities.
Throughout the archipelago
Religious authorities
The Sufi brotherhoods
Zawiyas in towns and villages
Established mainly in the 19th and 20th centuries — the Shadhiliyya, the most widespread, marked by the figure of Sheikh Saïd Mohamed al-Maarouf, the Qadiriyya, the Rifa'iyya, then others — the brotherhoods set the rhythm of religious life: dhikr, maoulida, gatherings in the zawiyas, often built around a master's tomb. Their sheikhs are listened to well beyond the circle of followers.
Fundi, imams and Koranic schools
In every village
The fundi teaches the Koran to children from a very young age, before or alongside state school. Imams and scholars, consulted on marriages, inheritances and disputes, are highly respected figures on all four islands.
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Further reading
- Outside view Iain Walker, Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros, 2019. Hurst (London); Oxford University Press (New York).
- Voices of the archipelago Damir Ben Ali, Histoire de la pratique de l'islam aux Comores. the author's online text.
- Voices of the archipelago Abderemane Bourhane, Les rites pré-islamiques à Anjouan. Contribution à une étude culturelle des Comores, 2017. doctoral thesis, Inalco.
- Voices of the archipelago Union des Comores, Constitution de l'Union des Comores, révisée par le référendum du 30 juillet 2018, 2018.
- Outside view CAGF et FORIM, Étude sur la diaspora comorienne en France.